Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Selective Hydrolytic Defluorination of Branched Perfluorooctanoic Acid Isomers by a Haloacid Dehalogenase

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.19.719434

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Docking model showing PFOA bound within the active-site pocket of 4A. (b) Enlarged view of the PFOA-binding site, illustrating predicted hydrogen-bonding interactions between the PFOA carboxylate group and surrounding active-site residues. (c) Two-dimensional interaction map of the PFOA–4A complex, highlighting hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the carboxylate group (green dashed lines) and hydrophobic or polar contacts between PFOA and active-site residues. (d) Biosensor-based plate assay detecting fluoride release following high-concentration, scaled-up reactions. PFOA (0.5 mM) was incubated with purified 4A (500 µM) at 20℃ for 120 h prior to analysis. Following incubation, aliquots from the reaction mixture were analyzed using a fluoride-responsive riboswitch biosensor with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) as the chromogenic substrate. Enzyme-only, substrate-only, buffer-only controls, and fluoride standards (10 and 500 μM KF) are shown.

Article Snippet: 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) solution (20 mg/mL; Thermo Fisher Scientific, RO941) and 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.0, prepared from a 1 M stock; Thermo Fisher Scientific, AM9855G) were used for enzyme assays.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Purification

Journal: Journal of Molecular Histology

Article Title: Modified citrus pectin modulates splenic immune responses and galectin expression following cisplatin treatment in Wistar rats

doi: 10.1007/s10735-026-10828-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of galectin expression in the spleen. A – D : Galectin-1 (Gal-1) immunoreactivity. E–H : Galectin-3 (Gal-3) immunoreactivity. I–L : Galectin-9 (Gal-9) immunoreactivity. Immunolabeling is observed in both white pulp (wp) and red pulp (rp), with differences in distribution and intensity among groups: SHAM (control animals), MCP (animals treated with MCP), CIS (animals treated with cisplatin), and MCP + CIS (animals treated with MCP and cisplatin). Counterstain: Carazzi’s hematoxylin. Scale bars: 100 μm. M–O : Densitometric analysis of Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 immunoreactivity in splenic tissue. Data represent the mean ± SEM of arbitrary units (a.u.) of protein expression ( n = 5 animals/group). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 (M, O, Q-S: ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test; N: Kruskal-Wallis followed by post-hoc Dunn’s test)

Article Snippet: E–H : Galectin-3 (Gal-3) immunoreactivity.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunolabeling, Control

Journal: Journal of Molecular Histology

Article Title: Modified citrus pectin modulates splenic immune responses and galectin expression following cisplatin treatment in Wistar rats

doi: 10.1007/s10735-026-10828-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation analysis of galectin expression and splenic immune cell populations between CIS and MCP + CIS groups. A , B : Correlation analyses show no significant correlations between galectin expression (Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9) and CD68⁺ macrophages or CD3⁺ T cells in the CIS group. C : Correlation analysis indicating positive associations between Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 expression and the CD68 + macrophage population in the MCP + CIS group. D : Correlation analysis showing a positive association between Gal-3 expression and CD3⁺ T cells in the MCP + CIS group. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson or Spearman tests, depending on the data distribution ( n = 5 animals/group). * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001

Article Snippet: E–H : Galectin-3 (Gal-3) immunoreactivity.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The utility of aqueous and serum apolipoprotein E and galectin-3 as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in glaucoma

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-45007-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are elevated in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with glaucoma. ( A ) APOE levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.72 vs. 0.85 µg/ml, P < 0.0001). ( B ) Gal-3 levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.89 vs. 1.45 ng/ml, P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Fig. 1 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are elevated in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with glaucoma. ( A ) APOE levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.72 vs. 0.85 μg/ml, P < 0.0001). ( B ) Gal-3 levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.89 vs. 1.45 ng/ml, P < 0.001).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The utility of aqueous and serum apolipoprotein E and galectin-3 as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in glaucoma

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-45007-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: There is a moderate positive association between levels of aqueous humor (AH) Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) in ( A ) the overall glaucoma cohort ( R = 0.44, P < 0.0001) and ( B ) the subgroup of glaucoma patients with primary open angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma.

Article Snippet: Fig. 1 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are elevated in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with glaucoma. ( A ) APOE levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.72 vs. 0.85 μg/ml, P < 0.0001). ( B ) Gal-3 levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.89 vs. 1.45 ng/ml, P < 0.001).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: The utility of aqueous and serum apolipoprotein E and galectin-3 as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in glaucoma

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-45007-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) but not Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is elevated in the serum of patients with glaucoma. ( A ) APOE levels were significantly elevated in the serum of glaucoma patients compared to controls (58.7 µg/ml vs. 30.2 µg/ml; P < 0.0001). ( B ) Gal-3 levels were similar between glaucoma patients and controls (25.5 vs. 25.7 ng/ml, P = 0.92).

Article Snippet: Fig. 1 Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are elevated in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with glaucoma. ( A ) APOE levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.72 vs. 0.85 μg/ml, P < 0.0001). ( B ) Gal-3 levels were significantly elevated in the AH of glaucoma patients compared to controls (2.89 vs. 1.45 ng/ml, P < 0.001).

Techniques: